Copper barrier chemical-mechanical polishing composition

ABSTRACT

A chemical-mechanical polishing composition includes colloidal silica abrasive particles having a chemical compound incorporated therein. The chemical compound may include a nitrogen-containing compound such as an aminosilane or a phosphorus-containing compound. Methods for employing such compositions include applying the composition to a semiconductor substrate to remove at least a portion of at least one of a copper, a copper barrier, and a dielectric layer.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,073 entitled Copper Barrier Polishing Composition and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,100 entitled Colloidal Silica Abrasive for a Chemical Mechanical Polishing Composition, each of which was filed Jun. 25, 2014.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operations are used in both front-end-of-the-line (FEOL) and back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) processing of semiconductor devices. For example, the following CMP operations are commonly employed. Shallow trench isolation (STI) is an FEOL process used prior to formation of the transistors. A dielectric such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is deposited in openings formed in the silicon wafer. A CMP process is then used to remove the excess TEOS resulting in a structure in which a predetermined pattern of TEOS is inlaid in the silicon wafer. Tungsten plug and interconnect and copper interconnect and dual damascene processes are BEOL processes used to form the network of metal wires that connect the device transistors. In these processes tungsten or copper metal is deposited in openings formed in a dielectric material (e.g., TEOS). CMP processes are used to remove the excess tungsten or copper from the dielectric to form tungsten or copper plugs and/or interconnects therein. An interlayer dielectric (ILD) material (such as TEOS) is deposited between metal interconnect levels to provide electrical insulation between the levels. An ILD CMP step is commonly employed to smooth and planarize the deposited insulating material prior to building up the subsequent interconnect level.

In a conventional CMP operation, the substrate (wafer) to be polished is mounted on a carrier (polishing head) which is in turn mounted on a carrier assembly and positioned in contact with a polishing pad in a CMP apparatus (polishing tool). The carrier assembly provides a controllable pressure to the substrate, pressing the substrate against the polishing pad. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition is generally applied to the surface of the pad while the substrate and pad are moved relative to one another. The relative motion of the substrate and pad (and the applied polishing composition) abrades and removes a portion of the material from the surface of the substrate, thereby polishing the substrate. Polishing of the substrate is generally aided by the chemical activity of the polishing composition (e.g., by a chemical accelerator) and/or the mechanical activity of an abrasive suspended in the polishing composition.

Chemical-mechanical polishing compositions and methods for polishing (or planarizing) the surface of a substrate are well known in the art. Polishing compositions (also known as slurries) for polishing dielectrics commonly include silica or ceria abrasives. Those utilizing silica abrasives commonly have a high pH and a high silica concentration (e.g., greater than 12 weight percent). Polishing compositions for polishing metal layers (such as tungsten or copper) commonly include silica or alumina abrasives as well as various chemical accelerators, such as oxidizers, chelating agents, catalysts, and the like.

As is well known in the art, the semiconductor industry is subject to continuing and severe downward pricing pressure. In order to maintain economically favorable CMP processes, high throughput is required thereby necessitating high removal rates of the primary material being polished (e.g., an ILD CMP process or a copper barrier CMP process may require a high removal rate of TEOS while a tungsten CMP process may require a high removal rate of tungsten). The downward pricing pressure also extends to the CMP consumables themselves (e.g., to the CMP slurries and pads). Such pricing pressure poses a challenge to the slurry formulator as the pressure to reduce costs often conflicts with the desired slurry performance metrics. There is a real need in the industry for CMP slurries that provide high throughput at reduced overall costs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A chemical-mechanical polishing composition is disclosed for polishing a substrate including a copper layer (such as a semiconductor wafer). The polishing composition includes a water based liquid carrier, colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier, and a chemical species incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles internal to an outer surface thereof. The chemical species is a nitrogen-containing compound or a phosphorus-containing compound, for example including an aminosilane or a phosphonium silane compound. The polishing compound may further include an oxidizer and at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

For a more complete understanding of the disclosed subject matter, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying FIGURE which depicts a transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of example colloidal silica particles having a distribution of aggregates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A chemical-mechanical polishing composition is disclosed. The composition includes a water based liquid carrier and colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier. A nitrogen or phosphorus-containing chemical species such as an aminosilane compound is incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles such that the particles preferably have a permanent positive charge in an acidic pH range. As is described in more detail below, the colloidal silica abrasive particles may be grown in a liquid solution containing the chemical species (e.g., the aminosilane compound) such that the chemical species becomes incorporated into the colloidal silica particles during growth thereof. The polishing compound may further include an oxidizer and at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.

Methods for the chemical-mechanical polishing of a substrate using the above described polishing composition is further disclosed. For example, a method for polishing a substrate including a copper layer and a copper barrier layer (such as tantalum or tantalum nitride) may include contacting the substrate with the above described polishing composition, moving the polishing composition relative to the substrate, and abrading the substrate to remove a portion of the copper layer and the copper barrier layer from the substrate and thereby polish the substrate.

The disclosed polishing composition contains a dispersion of abrasive colloidal silica particles suspended in a liquid carrier (e.g., water). As used herein the term colloidal silica particles refers to silica particles that are prepared via a wet process rather than a pyrogenic or flame hydrolysis process which produces structurally different particles. A suitable dispersion may include both aggregated and non-aggregated colloidal silica particles. As is known to those of ordinary skill in the art, non-aggregated particles are individually discrete particles that may be spherical or nearly spherical in shape, but can have other shapes as well. These non-aggregated particles are referred to as primary particles. Aggregated particles are particles in which multiple discrete particles (primary particles) have clustered or bonded together to form aggregates having generally irregular shapes. Aggregated particles may include two, three, or more connected primary particles.

As described above the colloidal silica abrasive particles include a chemical species incorporated into the particles (i.e., in the interior of the particles). The chemical species is a nitrogen-containing compound or a phosphorus-containing compound. When the chemical species is a nitrogen-containing compound it preferably includes an amine containing compound or an ammonium containing compound. When the chemical species is a phosphorus-containing compound it preferably includes a phosphine containing compound or phosphonium containing compound. An ammonium compound may include R¹R²R³R⁴N⁺ and a phosphonium compound may include R¹R²R³R⁴P⁺, where R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ represent independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl, or a C₆-C₁₀ aryl. These groups can, of course, be further substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.

Example ammonium compounds may include tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, tetrapentylammonium, ethyltrimethylammonium, and diethyldimethylammonium. In certain embodiments, the ammonium compound is preferably not ammonia or ammonium (NH₃ or NH₄ ⁺).

Example phosphonium compounds may include tetramethylphosphonium, tetraethylphosphonium, tetrapropylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, methyltriphenylphosphonium, ethyltriphenylphosphonium, butyltriphenylphosphonium, benzyltriphenylphosphonium, dimethyldiphenylphosphonium, hydroxymethyltriphenylphosphonium, and hydroxyethyltriphenylphosphonium. Example phosphonium compounds may also include a phosphonium silane compound.

A nitrogen-containing compound may also include a substance having an amino group such as a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, or a quaternary amine compound. Such a nitrogen-containing compound may include an amino acid, for example, an amino acid having from one to eight carbon atoms such as lycine, glutamine, glycine, iminodiacetic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, and threonine.

In certain embodiments, the chemical species may include a nitrogen-containing alkali catalyst, preferably having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable compounds may include, for example, ethylenediamine, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), or ethyloxypropylamine (EOPA).

In various embodiments, a molar ratio of the chemical species to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles is preferably greater than about 0.1 percent (e.g., greater than about 0.2 percent or greater than about 0.3 percent) and less than about 10 percent (e.g., less than 5 percent or less than 2 percent) or in a range from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent (e.g., from about 0.2 percent to about 5 percent, from about 0.2 percent to about 2 percent, or from about 0.3 percent to about 2 percent). The nitrogen level of the colloidal silica abrasive particles may also be greater than about 0.15 mmol/g Sift (e.g., greater than about 0.2 mmol/g Sift).

Aminosilane compounds are the most preferred nitrogen-containing compound. Such aminosilane compounds may include primary aminosilanes, secondary aminosilanes, tertiary aminosilanes, quaternary aminosilanes, and multi-podal (e.g., dipodal) aminosilanes. The aminosilane compound may include substantially any suitable aminosilane, for example, a propyl group containing aminosilane, or an aminosilane compound including a propyl amine. Examples of suitable aminosilanes may include bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, diethylaminomethyltrialkoxysilane, (N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trialkoxysilane), 3-(N-styrylmethyl-2-aminoethylaminopropyl trialkoxysilane, aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, (2-N-benzylaminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane), trialkoxysilyl propyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, N-(trialkoxysilylethyl)benzyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, (bis(methyldialkoxysilylpropyl)-N-methyl amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)urea, bis(3-(trialkoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, (N-trialkoxysilylpropyl)polyethyleneimine, trialkoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(vinylbenzyl)-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltrialkoxysilane, and mixtures thereof. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that aminosilane compounds are commonly hydrolyzed (or partially hydrolyzed) in an aqueous medium. Thus by reciting an aminosilane compound, it will be understood that the aminosilane and/or a hydrolyzed (or partially hydrolyzed) species and/or condensed species thereof may be incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles.

In embodiments in which the nitrogen-containing compound is an aminosilane compound, a molar ratio of the aminosilane compound to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles is preferably less than about 10% (e.g., less than about 8%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, or less than about 2%). The molar ratio is also preferably (although not necessarily) greater than about 0.1% (e.g., greater than about 0.2% or greater than about 0.3%). It will be understood that the molar ratio of the aminosilane compound to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles may be approximately equal to the molar ratio of the aminosilane compound to the silica producing compound in the liquid solution in which the colloidal silica abrasive particles are grown.

It will be understood that the colloidal silica abrasive particles may include two or more of the above described chemical species incorporated in the particles. For example, in one colloidal silica embodiment, a first incorporated chemical species may include an aminosilane compound and a second incorporated chemical species may include an ammonium compound, such as a quaternary amine. In an embodiment in which the first chemical species is ammonium and the second chemical species is a quaternary amine, a molar ratio of the first chemical species to the second chemical species is preferably less than about 5 to 1.

CMP compositions including positively charged colloidal silica abrasive particles have been disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,994,057 and 8,252,687. In these patents, the positive charge on the silica particles was achieved via treating an external surface of the particles with a positively charged chemical compound such as a quaternary amine containing compound or an aminosilane containing compound. While certain benefits may be achieved when utilizing CMP compositions including such positively charged silica abrasive particles, the use of a surface treating agent may mask (or shield) the particle surface (e.g., the silanol and/or siloxane groups on the surface) such that the abrasive may not always have some of the same desirable properties as an untreated silica abrasive. For example, surface treatment may adversely affect the shelf life of the composition and the ability to concentrate the composition. Moreover, the use of surface treatment compounds may pose a challenge for post-CMP wafer cleaning operations.

One aspect of the invention is the realization that positively charged colloidal silica abrasive particles may alternatively be obtained via incorporating certain positively charged chemical species into the abrasive particles (i.e., incorporating the chemical species sub-surface in the interior of the particles). Colloidal silica abrasive particles having an internal chemical species that provides a positive charge may be fabricated, for example, via growing the abrasive particles in a liquid solution containing the chemical species such that the chemical species become incorporated into at least a portion of the colloidal silica particles during growth thereof. Such abrasive particles may alternatively be fabricated via treating a conventional colloidal silica particle with the chemical species and then growing additional silica over the chemical species (and thereby covering the chemical species with additional silica). While the chemical species is incorporated internally in the colloidal silica abrasive particles, it will be understood that a portion of the chemical species may be at or near the particle surface (such that the chemical species is both internal to the surface and at the surface).

In a first embodiment, colloidal silica abrasive particles having an internal chemical species may be fabricated, for example, via (i) providing a liquid solution (e.g., including water at a predetermined pH) and (ii) combining the liquid solution with the silica producing compound and the chemical species thereby causing colloidal silica particles to grow in the liquid solution such that a dispersion is obtained including colloidal silica particles having the chemical species incorporated therein. The chemical species may alternatively be included in the liquid solution provided in (i). The silica producing compound may include, for example, tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), silicic acid, an alkali or ammonium silicate, or a silicon tetrahalide. This methodology is similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,787 in which TMOS is continuously added to a mother liquid including an alkali catalyst (the similarity is that a silica producing compound is combined with a liquid solution to produce colloidal silica particles).

The method may further include processing the dispersion to obtain a chemical-mechanical polishing composition including the colloidal silica particles with the chemical species incorporated therein. The processing may include, for example, diluting the dispersion with water and/or distilling the dispersion to remove methanol or ethanol bi-products obtained during growth of the colloidal silica particles. The processing may alternatively and/or additionally include adjusting the pH to a desired value and/or adding other chemical components such as an oxidizer, an accelerator, a catalyst, a buffer, a chelating agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a film forming agent, a surfactant, a polishing uniformity additive, a biocide, and the like. The processing does not include a high temperature calcination step that would burn off (or otherwise remove) the chemical species from the colloidal silica particles, as it is desirable for the chemical species to remain in the colloidal silica particles.

The chemical species dissolved in the aqueous liquid solution may include any one or more of the species described above, but most preferably includes an aminosilane compound. The chemical species may be added to the liquid solution in substantially any suitable amount such that a sufficient amount is incorporated into the colloidal silica particles (with the particles preferably—although not necessarily—including less than 10 weight percent of the chemical species incorporated therein). The aqueous liquid solution may further optionally include an alkali catalyst, for example, including an ether amine, an ethylene amine, a tetraalkyl amine, and/or an alcohol amine. Suitable alkali catalysts may include an organic base catalyst such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, ammonia, urea, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), tetramethylguanidine, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, aminopropylmorpholine, hexyloxypropylamine, ethyloxypropylamine (EOPA), jeffamine HK-511, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the alkali catalyst may preferably have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkali catalyst may alternatively and/or additionally include potassium hydroxide (KOH). The amount of alkali catalyst added may be selected so that the pH of the aqueous liquid solution is generally in the range from about 7 to about 14 and preferably in the range from about 9 to about 12.

The liquid solution may optionally further include colloidal silica particles that are intended to act as nucleation sites for growth of the colloidal silica. In such embodiments, the final colloidal silica may be thought of as having a core-shell structure (or a multi-layer structure) in which the core (the inner layer) includes the colloidal silica particles originally added to the liquid solution and the shell (the outer layer) includes the silica that is grown over the core and includes an internal chemical species (such as an aminosilane). In particles having a core-shell structure, the shell may have substantially any suitable thickness, for example, greater than 1 nm (e.g., greater than 2 nm, greater than 3 nm, or greater than 5 nm). It will be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited colloidal silica particles having a core-shell structure as the internal chemical species (e.g., the aminosilane) may be distributed throughout substantially the entire particle.

In a second embodiment, colloidal silica abrasive particles having an internal chemical species may be fabricated, for example, via (i) providing a high pH silicate solution (e.g., a sodium silicate or potassium silicate solution), (ii) processing the silicate solution to protonate the silicate anions and form silicic acid (e.g., via adding an acid to the solution or passing the solution through an ion exchange column) which in turn causes precipitation and growth of colloidal silica particles in a reaction vessel, and (iii) adding the chemical species to the reaction vessel such that it becomes incorporated into the growing colloidal silica particles. The silicate solution preferably has a pH in the range from about 11 to about 13. The silicate solution may be passed through an ion exchange column into the reaction vessel which tends to lower the pH to a value in a range from about 2 to about 5. The chemical species may be added to the reaction vessel in substantially any suitable amount (and at substantially any suitable rate) such that a sufficient amount is incorporated into the colloidal silica particles (with the particles preferably—although not necessarily—including less than 10 weight percent of the chemical species incorporated therein).

In a third embodiment, colloidal silica abrasive particles may be fabricated, for example, via treating (e.g., surface treating) a conventional colloidal silica particle with a chemical species and then growing additional silica over the treated colloidal silica (i.e., over the chemical species). For example, a nitrogen-containing compound such as an quaternary amine compound or an aminosilane compound may be added to a colloidal silica containing dispersion (e.g., as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,994,057 and 8,252,687). After sufficient time to allow the nitrogen compound to become associated (e.g., chemically bonded or electrostatically associated) with the colloidal silica particles, a silica producing compound such as TMOS, TEOS, silicic acid, an alkali or ammonium silicate, or a silica tetrahalide may be added to the dispersion. The dispersion may be optionally heated (e.g., to 45 degrees C.) to accelerate further growth of the colloidal silica particles such that the chemical species (the surface treatment agent) becomes incorporated into the particle. Such colloidal silica particles may be thought of as having at least two layers, a first inner layer including the treated colloidal silica and a second outer layer of silica deposited over the inner layer thereby incorporating the chemical species in the particle.

Positively charged colloidal silica abrasive particles may alternatively be obtained via incorporating a positively charged chemical species into the abrasive particles and then further bonding (via surface treating) the same or a different chemical species to the particle surface. Such abrasive particles may be fabricated, for example, by first growing the colloidal silica particles in a liquid solution containing the chemical species (e.g., using one of the methodologies described above) such that the chemical species becomes incorporated into at least a portion of the colloidal silica particles during growth thereof and then subsequently surface treating the particles. For example, in one embodiment the colloidal silica abrasive particles may include an internal chemical species including a nitrogen-containing alkali catalyst having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (such as the aforementioned ethylenediamine, TMAH, or EOPA). The abrasive particles may then further be surface treated, for example, with an aminosilane compound. Such colloidal silica abrasive particles may advantageously achieve high charge levels using very low surface treatment levels of the aminosilane (and thereby potentially masking a smaller percentage of the silanol and/or siloxane groups on the surface).

In embodiments in which the colloidal silica abrasive particles include an internal nitrogen-containing alkali catalyst having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and are further surface treated with an aminosilane compound, the colloidal silica abrasive particles may include a low level of the internal chemical species, for example, less than 0.20 mmol/g of nitrogen. In such embodiments the zeta potential of the particles prior to the surface treatment may be less than 15 mV (e.g., less than 13 mV or less than 10 mV) at a pH of 4. Likewise, the colloidal silica abrasive particles may include a low level of the aminosilane compound bonded to the surface, for example, to less than 4% (e.g., less than 3%, or less than or equal to 2%) of the silanol groups on the surface (assuming 4.5 SiOH per nm² and the BET surface area of the silica).

It will be understood that the above described methodologies for fabricating colloidal silica particles having an internal chemical species result in a dispersion in which the colloidal silica particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. In fabricating the chemical-mechanical polishing compositions described herein, the dispersion may be diluted to a predetermined concentration of colloidal silica particles. Moreover, other chemical compounds may be added to the dispersion (before or after dilution) as desired. Such chemical compounds may include substantially any of the compounds disclosed herein.

The colloidal silica particle may have substantially any suitable degree of aggregation. For example, the colloidal silica abrasive may be substantially non-aggregated in that it includes mostly primary particles. Alternatively, the colloidal silica abrasive may be partially aggregated. By partially aggregated it may be meant that 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include two or more aggregated primary particles or that 30 percent or more (or 45 percent or more) of the colloidal silica particles include three or more aggregated primary particles. Such partially aggregated colloidal silica abrasives may be prepared, for example, using a multi-step process in which primary particles are first grown in solution, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,833. The pH of the solution may then be adjusted to an acidic value for a predetermined time period to promote aggregation (or partial aggregation), for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,787. An optional final step may allow for further growth of the aggregates (and any remaining primary particles).

The colloidal silica abrasive particles may further have an aggregate distribution in which 20 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include less than three primary particles (i.e., non-aggregated primary particles or aggregated particles having just two primary particles, also referred to as monomers and dimers) and 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles.

The FIGURE depicts a transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of example colloidal silica particles having the above described aggregate distribution for a CMP composition. The example TEM depicts colloidal silica particles having from one to six primary particles. A total of 16 particles were counted, three of which consisted of a single primary particle, two of which consisted of two aggregated primary particles, five of which consisted of three aggregated primary particles, two of which consisted of four aggregated primary particles, three of which consisted of five aggregated primary particles, and one of which consisted of six aggregated primary particles. The depicted image also includes what appears to be a large particle in the upper right (depicted at 20) that was not counted as it was unclear from the image whether this feature was a single aggregate or multiple aggregates lying in close proximity to one another. Given the relatively small number of particles in any one image, it will be understood that in order to obtain a statistically significant measure of the aggregate distribution, it is generally necessary to evaluate a large number of TEM images.

Colloidal silica abrasive particles having an aggregate distribution as described herein may be grown, for example, as described above with respect to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,230,833 and 8,529,787. Alternatively, colloidal silica abrasive particles having an aggregate distribution (as defined above) may be prepared by adding primary particles to a partially aggregated or aggregated colloidal silica. For example, primary colloidal silica particles may be added to a dispersion having partially aggregated colloidal silica particles in which 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles such that 5 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles are primary particles. In such an embodiment, the aggregated colloidal silica particles may have a mean particle size in a range from about 40 to about 60 nm while the primary colloidal silica particles may have a mean particle size in a range from about 15 to about 35 nm. Moreover, the polishing composition may include from about 1 to about 4 weight percent of the aggregated colloidal silica particles and from about 0.05 to about 0.5 weight percent of the primary colloidal silica particles that are not aggregated.

The particle size of a particle suspended in a dispersion may be defined in the industry using various means. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the particle size is defined as measured by the Zetasizer® available from Malvern Instruments®. The abrasive particles may have substantially any particle size suitable for the particular CMP operation. The abrasive particles preferably have an average particle size of about 10 nm or more (e.g., about 20 nm or more, about 30 nm or more, or about 40 nm or more). The abrasive particles preferably also have an average particle size of about 100 nm or less (e.g., about 80 nm or less, about 70 nm or less, or about 60 nm or less). Accordingly, the abrasive particles may have an average particle size in a range from about 10 nm to about 100 nm (e.g., from about 20 nm to about 80 nm, or from about 30 to about 70, or from about 40 to about 60).

The colloidal silica abrasive particles may further have substantially any suitable primary particle size. In certain embodiments, the primary particle size may be in a range from about 15 to about 35 nm (e.g., from about 20 to about 30 nm). Moreover, it may be advantageous for the primary particles to all have about the same size (such that the colloidal silica has a narrow primary particle size distribution). For example, greater than 90% (e.g., greater than 95%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%) of the primary particles may have primary particle size in a range from about 15 to about 35 nm (e.g., from about 20 to about 30 nm). Furthermore, a standard deviation of the primary particle size may be less than about 5 nm.

The polishing composition may include substantially any suitable amount of colloidal silica particles, however, in general the point of use amount is desirably low so as to reduce the cost of the CMP operation. In one example CMP composition formulated for polishing a silicon oxygen material, the polishing composition may include about 0.5 wt. % or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles (e.g., about 1 wt. % or more, about 1.5 wt. % or more, about 2 wt. % or more, or about 3 wt. % or more). The point of use polishing composition may include about 6 wt. % or less of the colloidal silica abrasive particles (e.g., about 5 wt. % or less, about 3.5 wt. % or less, or about 3 wt. % or less). Preferably, the amount of colloidal silica particles in the point of use polishing composition is in a range from about 0.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. %, and more preferably from about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % (e.g., from about 2 wt. % to about 4 wt. %).

The polishing composition of the invention may advantageously be provided as a concentrate which is intended to be diluted with an appropriate amount of water prior to use. In such an embodiment, the concentrate may include more than 5 wt. % of the colloidal silica (e.g., more than about 8 wt. %, more than about 10 wt. %, or more than about 12 wt. %). The concentrate may also include less than about 25 wt. % of the colloidal silica (e.g., less than about 22 wt. %, less than about 20 wt. %, or less than about 18 wt. %). The concentrate preferably includes from about 5 to about 25 wt. % of the colloidal silica (e.g., from about 8 to about 22 wt. %, from about 10 to about 20 wt. %, or from about 12 to about 18 wt. %). Depending on the level of other additives in the polishing composition, the concentrate may optionally include from about 5 to about 20 wt. % of the colloidal silica (e.g., from about 8 to about 15 wt. %).

The liquid carrier is used to facilitate the application of the abrasive and any optional chemical additives to the surface of a suitable substrate to be polished (e.g., planarized). The liquid carrier may be any suitable carrier (e.g., solvent) including lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.), ethers (e.g., dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, etc.), water, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the liquid carrier comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of water, more preferably deionized water.

The colloidal silica abrasive particles may optionally have a permanent positive charge in the polishing composition. The charge on dispersed particles such as colloidal silica particles is commonly referred to in the art as the zeta potential (or the electrokinetic potential). The zeta potential of a particle refers to the electrical potential difference between the electrical charge of the ions surrounding the particle and the electrical charge of the bulk solution of the polishing composition (e.g., the liquid carrier and any other components dissolved therein). The zeta potential is typically dependent on the pH of the aqueous medium. For a given polishing composition, the isoelectric point of the particles is defined as the pH at which the zeta potential is zero. As the pH is increased or decreased away from the isoelectric point, the surface charge (and hence the zeta potential) is correspondingly decreased or increased (to negative or positive zeta potential values). The zeta potential of a dispersion such as a polishing composition may be obtained using the Model DT-1202 Acoustic and Electro-acoustic spectrometer available from Dispersion Technologies, Inc (Bedford Hills, N.Y.).

The colloidal silica particles in the polishing composition preferably have a permanent positive charge of about 6 mV or more (e.g., about 8 mV or more, about 10 mV or more, about 13 mV or more, about 15 mV or more, or about 20 mV or more). The colloidal silica particles in the polishing composition may have a permanent positive charge of about 50 mV or less (e.g., about 45 mV or less, about 40 mV or less, or about 35 mV or less). Preferably, the colloidal silica particles have a permanent positive charge in a range from about 6 mV to about 50 mV (e.g., about 10 mV to about 45 mV, about 15 mV to about 40 mV, or about 20 mV to about 40 mV).

By permanent positive charge it is meant that the positive charge on the silica particles is not readily reversible, for example, via flushing, dilution, filtration, and the like. A permanent positive charge may be the result of incorporating the positive charged species in the particle. A permanent positive charge may further result from a covalent interaction between the particle and a positively charged species and is in contrast to a reversible positive charge that may be the result, for example, of an electrostatic interaction between the particle and a positively charged species.

Notwithstanding, as used herein, a permanent positive charge of at least 6 mV means that the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles remains above 6 mV after the following three step filtration test. A volume of the polishing composition (e.g., 200 ml) is filtered through a Millipore Ultracell regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration disk (e.g., having a molecular weight (MW) cutoff of 100,000 Daltons and a pore size of 6.3 nm). The remaining dispersion (the approximately 65 ml of dispersion that is retained by the ultrafiltration disk) is collected and replenished with pH adjusted deionized water. The deionized water is pH adjusted to the original pH of the polishing composition using a suitable inorganic acid such as nitric acid. This procedure is repeated for a total of three filtration cycles. The zeta-potential of the triply filtered and replenished polishing composition is then measured and compared with the zeta potential of the original polishing composition. This three step filtration test is further illustrated below by way of example (Example 7).

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the dispersion retained by the ultrafiltration disk (the retained dispersion) includes the silica particles and any chemical components (e.g., the positively charged species) that may be in the particles or associated with the surface of the particles (e.g., bonded, attached, electrostatically interacting, or in contact with the particle surface). At least a portion of the liquid carrier and the chemical components dissolved therein pass through the ultrafiltration disk. Replenishing the retained dispersion to the original volume is believed to upset the equilibrium in the original polishing composition such that the chemical components associated with the particle surface may tend towards a new equilibrium. Components that are in the particle or are strongly associated (e.g., covalently bonded) with the particle surface remain with the particle such that there tends to be little if any change in the positive zeta potential thereof. In contrast, a portion of components that have a weaker association (e.g., an electrostatic interaction) with the particle surface may return to the solution as the system tends towards the new equilibrium thereby resulting in a reduction in the positive zeta potential. Repeating this process for a total of three ultrafiltration and replenishing cycles is believed to amplify the above described effect.

It is preferred that there is little difference between the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles in the original polishing composition and the colloidal silica particles in the polishing composition after the above described three step filtration test (after correcting for ionic strength differences resulting from the filtration test). For example, it is preferred that the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles in the original polishing composition is less than about 10 mV greater than the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles after the three step filtration test (e.g., less than about 7 mV greater, less than about 5 mV greater, or even less than about 2 mV greater). Stated another way it is preferred that the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles after the three-step filtration test is less than 10 mV (or less than 7 mV, or less than 5 mV, or less than 2 mV) less than the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles in the original polishing composition. For example, in an embodiment in which the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles in the original polishing composition is 30 mV, the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles after the three-step filtration test is preferably greater than 20 mV (or greater than 23 mV, or greater than 25 mV, or greater than 28 mV).

The polishing composition may be acidic having a pH of less than about 7, e.g., in the range from about 2.5 to about 7. Polishing compositions used for copper barrier chemical-mechanical polishing applications may have a pH of about 2.5 or more (e.g., about 3 or more, about 3.5 or more, or about 4 or more). Preferably, such polishing compositions may have a pH of about 7 or less (e.g., about 6.5 or less, about 6 or less, or about 5.5 or less). More preferably, such polishing compositions have a pH in a range from about 3 to about 7 (e.g., from about 3.5 to about 6.5, or from about 4 to about 6).

The pH of the polishing composition may be achieved and/or maintained by any suitable means. The polishing composition may include substantially any suitable pH adjusting agents or buffering systems. For example, suitable pH adjusting agents may include nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phthalic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, ammonium hydroxide, and the like while suitable buffering agents may include phosphates, sulfates, acetates, malonates, oxalates, borates, ammonium salts, and the like. Moreover, a suitable copper complexing agent (such as are described below) may also buffer pH.

The polishing composition may further include an oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent may be added to the polishing composition during the slurry manufacturing process or just prior to the CMP operation (e.g., in a tank located at the semiconductor fabrication facility). Preferable oxidizing agents include inorganic or organic per-compounds. A per-compound as defined herein is a compound containing at least one peroxy group (—O—O—) or a compound containing an element in its highest oxidation state. Examples of compounds containing at least one peroxy group include but are not limited to hydrogen peroxide and its adducts such as urea hydrogen peroxide and percarbonates, organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, peracetic acid, and di-t-butyl peroxide, monopersulfates (SO₅ ^(═)), dipersulfates (S₂O₈ ^(═)), and sodium peroxide. Examples of compounds containing an element in its highest oxidation state include but are not limited to periodic acid, periodate salts, perbromic acid, perbromate salts, perchloric acid, perchlorate salts, perboric acid, and perborate salts and permanganates. The most preferred oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.

The oxidizer may alternatively include non per oxidizers, for example including nitrates, hydroxy amines, iodates, bromates, various bleaching agents, and metal containing oxidizers such as ferric and cupric containing compounds.

The oxidizing agent may be present in the polishing composition in an amount ranging, for example, from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent. In preferred embodiments in which a hydrogen peroxide oxidizer is used, the oxidizer is preferably present in the polishing composition in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 2 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.02 to about 1 weight percent, from about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent).

The polishing composition may further include a copper complexing agent (also referred to as a chelating agent). Such chelating agents tend to react with (e.g., chemically bind) copper ions (and other copper compounds) in solution and therefore may in certain compositions function as copper polishing accelerators. Substantially any suitable copper complexing agent may be utilized. For example, the copper complexing agent may include a polycarboxylic acid such as oxalic acid, citric acid malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, and/or phthalic acid. It will be understood that acid complexing agents may generally be used in their conjugate form, e.g., the carboxylate can be used instead of the carboxylic acid. The term “acid” as it is used herein to describe useful complexing agents also means the conjugate base (or bases) of the acid.

Suitable copper complexing agents may further include a poly phosphonic acid such as the phosphonic acid compounds sold under the Dequest® trade name (Italmatch Chemicals, Genova, Italy). Suitable poly phosphonic acids may include for example, methylene phosphonic acid compounds and diphosphonic acid compounds such as 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1,-diphosphonic acid, amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), and bis(hexamethylene triamine penta(methylenephosphonic acid)). It will be understood that such poly phosphonic acids may generally be used in their conjugate form, e.g., the phosphonate can be used instead of the phosphonic acid (as described above with respect to the carboxylic acids).

The copper complexing agent may also include an amino acid, for example, including glycine, serine, proline, leucine, alanine, asparagine, glutamine, valine, lysine, and the like and/or a polyamine complex such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and ethanoldiglycinate.

The copper complexing agents may be present in the chemical-mechanical polishing composition in any suitable amount depending on the particular complexing agent used and the desired performance attributes. For example, the chemical-mechanical polishing composition may include from about 10 to about 10,000 ppm (1%) by weight of the copper complexing agent (e.g., from about 10 to about 1000 ppm, from about 10 to about 500 ppm, from about 20 to about 500 ppm, or from about 50 to about 250 ppm of the copper complexing agent).

The chemical-mechanical polishing composition may further include a copper polishing inhibitor. The copper polishing inhibitor may include a film forming agent that is capable of facilitating the formation of a passive layer and therefore inhibiting copper etching. Such a compound may include a cyclic group such as an azole compound. Example azole compounds include imidazole, benzotriazole, benzimidazole and benzothiazole and their derivatives with hydroxy, amino, imino, carboxy, mercapto, nitro and alkyl substituted groups. Urea compounds such as urea and thiourea may also be used.

The copper polishing inhibitor may alternatively and/or additionally include anionic and/or amphoteric surfactants having a carbon chain length of six or more carbon atoms with the carbon chain preferably being an alkyl group 10 or more carbon atoms. Suitable compounds include, for example, Rhodafac® phosphated surfactants (Rhodia Inc.), Adeka REASOAP® sulfonic surfactants, Amisoft® zwitterionic surfactants, Mirataine® zwitterionic surfactants, Perlastan® zwitterionic surfactants (Struktol®), Hostapur® sulfonic surfactants, and Dowfax® sulfonic surfactants.

The chemical-mechanical polishing composition may optionally further include a uniformity additive for improving the within wafer uniformity of the polishing rate (e.g., a wafer edge to center polishing rate ratio or difference). The uniformity additive may include, for example, polyethers such as polyethylene glycol and polyether amine, polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol, and/or amine containing compounds such as an aminophenol, an hydroxypyridine, and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide.

Certain embodiments of the disclosed polishing compositions have been observed to achieve a higher silicon dioxide (TEOS) polishing rate when the electrical conductivity of the polishing composition is low. Example polishing compositions may therefore advantageously have an electrical conductivity of less than 2000 μS/cm (e.g., less than 1500 μS/cm, less than 1000 μS/cm, less than 800 μS/cm, less than 500 μS/cm, less than 400 μS/cm, or less than 300 μS/cm).

The polishing composition may optionally further include a biocide. The biocide may be any suitable biocide, for example an isothiazolinone biocide. The amount of biocide in the polishing composition may be in a range from about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, and preferably from about 1 ppm to about 20 ppm.

The polishing composition may be prepared using any suitable techniques, many of which are known to those skilled in the art. The polishing composition may be prepared in a batch or continuous process. Generally, the polishing composition may be prepared by combining the components thereof in any order. The term “component” as used herein includes the individual ingredients (e.g., the colloidal silica, the copper polishing inhibitor, the copper complexing agent, etc.).

The colloidal silica abrasive particles may be grown in the aqueous liquid carrier, for example, as described above. The resulting dispersion may then be diluted and the pH adjusted to a predetermined value, for example, via adding an acid. Other optional components such as a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent may then be added and mixed by any method that is capable of incorporating the components into the polishing composition. The oxidizing agent may be added at any time during the preparation of the polishing composition. For example, the polishing composition may be prepared prior to use, with one or more components, such as the oxidizing agent, being added just prior to the CMP operation (e.g., within about 1 minute, or within about 10 minutes, or within about 1 hour, or within about 1 day, or within about 1 week of the CMP operation). The polishing composition also may also be prepared by mixing the components at the surface of the substrate (e.g., on the polishing pad) during the CMP operation.

The polishing composition may be supplied as a one-package system comprising the colloidal silica having the internal chemical species (e.g., the aminosilane compound), the copper polishing inhibitor and/or the copper complexing agent, an optional biocide, and water. The oxidizing agent is desirably supplied separately from the other components of the polishing composition and is combined, e.g., by the end-user, with the other components of the polishing composition shortly before use (e.g., 1 week or less prior to use, 1 day or less prior to use, 1 hour or less prior to use, 10 minutes or less prior to use, or 1 minute or less prior to use). Various other two-container, or three- or more-container, combinations of the components of the polishing composition are within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

The polishing composition of the invention may advantageously be provided as a concentrate which is intended to be diluted with an appropriate amount of water prior to use. In such an embodiment, the polishing composition concentrate may include the colloidal silica abrasive particles having a positively charged species incorporated therein as described above and other optional additives in amounts such that, upon dilution of the concentrate with an appropriate amount of water each component of the polishing composition will be present in the polishing composition in an amount within the appropriate range recited above for each component. For example, the colloidal silica abrasive particles may be present in the polishing composition in an amount that is about 2 times (e.g., about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, or even about 10 times) greater than the concentration recited above for each component so that when the concentrate is diluted with an equal volume of (e.g., 2 equal volumes of water, 3 equal volumes of water, 4 equal volumes of water, or even 9 equal volumes of water respectively) each component will be present in the polishing composition in an amount within the ranges set forth above. Furthermore, as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the concentrate may contain an appropriate fraction of the water present in the final polishing composition in order to ensure that other components are at least partially or fully dissolved in the concentrate.

In one embodiment, a suitable concentrate includes at least 10 weight percent of one of the above described colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in a water based liquid carrier (e.g., a colloidal silica including a nitrogen-containing compound such as an aminosilane compound or a phosphorus-containing compound such as a phosphonium silane compound incorporated internal to an outer surface of the particles). The colloidal silica particles may optionally have a permanent positive charge of at least 10 mV. The concentrated composition may further optionally include a copper polishing inhibitor and/or a copper complexing agent as well as any of the other components described above. Moreover, the pH of the composition may be in a range from about 3 to about 6.

Although the polishing composition of the invention may be used to polish any substrate, the polishing composition is particularly useful in the polishing of a substrate comprising copper, a copper barrier, and a dielectric material. The copper barrier layer may include, for example, tantalum and/or tantalum nitride (TaN), ruthenium, or cobalt. The dielectric layer may be a metal oxide such as a silicon oxide layer derived from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), porous metal oxide, porous or non-porous carbon doped silicon oxide, fluorine-doped silicon oxide, glass, organic polymer, fluorinated organic polymer, or any other suitable high or low-k insulating layer such as a Black Diamond® low-k dielectric.

In one embodiment a method of chemical-mechanical polishing a substrate including copper, a copper barrier, and a dielectric material makes use of one of the disclosed polishing compositions, for example, having an acidic pH and less than about 6 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles. An average removal rate of the dielectric material (e.g., TEOS) may be greater than about 800 Å/min (e.g., greater than 1000 Å/min) and the dielectric:copper polishing rate selectivity may be in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:1 (for example in a range from about 5:1 to about 2:1) at a downforce of 1.5 psi. The method may further include a TaN polishing rate of greater than about 400 Å/min (e.g., greater than about 600 Å/min) at a downforce of 1.5 psi such that a dielectric:TaN polishing rate selectivity may be in a range from about 3:1 to about 1:1. Such polishing rates may be achieved on wafers having substantially any suitable diameter, for example, on 200 mm diameter wafers, 300 mm diameter wafers, or 450 mm diameter wafers.

The polishing method of the invention is particularly suited for use in conjunction with a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) apparatus. Typically, the apparatus comprises a platen, which, when in use, is in motion and has a velocity that results from orbital, linear, or circular motion, a polishing pad in contact with the platen and moving with the platen when in motion, and a carrier that holds a substrate to be polished by contacting and moving relative to the surface of the polishing pad. The polishing of the substrate takes place by the substrate being placed in contact with the polishing pad and the polishing composition of the invention and then the polishing pad moving relative to the substrate, so as to abrade at least a portion of the substrate (such as copper, tantalum, tantalum nitride, and silicon oxide as described herein) to polish the substrate.

A substrate can be planarized or polished with the chemical-mechanical polishing composition with any suitable polishing pad (e.g., polishing surface). Suitable polishing pads include, for example, woven and non-woven polishing pads. Moreover, suitable polishing pads can comprise any suitable polymer of varying density, hardness, thickness, compressibility, ability to rebound upon compression, and compression modulus. Suitable polymers include, for example, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, nylon, fluorocarbon, polycarbonate, polyester, polyacrylate, polyether, polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane, polystyrene, polypropylene, coformed products thereof, and mixtures thereof.

It will be understood that the disclosure includes numerous embodiments. These embodiments include, but are not limited to, the following embodiments.

In a first embodiment a chemical-mechanical polishing composition may include a water based liquid carrier; colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier; an aminosilane compound or a phosphonium silane compound incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles internal to an outer surface thereof; an oxidizer; and at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.

In a second embodiment a chemical-mechanical polishing composition may include a water based liquid carrier; colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier; a chemical species incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles internal to an outer surface thereof, wherein the chemical species is a nitrogen-containing compound or a phosphorus-containing compound; an oxidizer; at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent; and a pH in a range from about 3 to about 7; wherein the chemical species is not an aminosilane compound.

A third embodiment may include one of the first or second embodiments having a pH in a range from about 3 to about 6.

A fourth embodiment may include any one of the first through third embodiments wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a permanent positive charge of at least 13 mV.

A fifth embodiment may include any one of the first through fourth embodiments wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a mean particle size in a range from about 30 to about 70 nm.

A sixth embodiment may include any one of the first through fifth embodiments comprising from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles.

A seventh embodiment may include any one of the first through sixth embodiments comprising from about 2 to about 6 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles.

An eighth embodiment may include any one of the first through seventh embodiments wherein 30 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles.

A ninth embodiment may include any one of the first through seventh embodiments wherein 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles and 20 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles are monomers or dimers.

A tenth embodiment may include any one of the first and third through ninth embodiments wherein the aminosilane compound comprises a propyl group, primary amine, or quaternary amine.

An eleventh embodiment may include any one of the first and third through tenth embodiments wherein the aminosilane compound comprises bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, diethylaminomethyltrialkoxysilane, (N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trialkoxysilane), 3-(N-styrylmethyl-2-aminoethylaminopropyl trialkoxysilane, aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, (2-N-benzylaminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane), trialkoxysilyl propyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, N-(trialkoxysilylethyl)benzyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, (bis(methyldialkoxysilylpropyl)-N-methyl amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)urea, bis(3-(trialkoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, (N-trialkoxysilylpropyl)polyethyleneimine, trialkoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(vinylbenzyl)-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltrialkoxysilane, or a mixture thereof.

A twelfth embodiment may include any one of the first through eleventh embodiments wherein the oxidizer comprises hydrogen peroxide.

A thirteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through twelfth embodiments comprising both a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.

A fourteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through thirteenth embodiments wherein the copper polishing inhibitor is an azole compound, an anionic or an amphoteric surfactant having a carbon chain length of greater than or equal to 6, or a mixture thereof.

A fifteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through fourteenth embodiments wherein the copper complexing agent is a di-carboxylic acid, a di-phosphonic acid, a di-sulfonic acid, an amino acid, a di-amine, or a mixture thereof.

A sixteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through fifteenth embodiments having an electrical conductivity of less than 1000 μS/cm.

A seventeenth embodiment may include any one of the first through sixteenth embodiments wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a core-shell structure in which an outer shell is disposed over an inner core, the aminosilane compound or the chemical species being incorporated in the outer shell.

An eighteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through seventeenth embodiments wherein the colloidal silica has a density of greater than 1.90 g/cm³.

A nineteenth embodiment may include any one of the first through eighteenth embodiments wherein a molar ratio of the aminosilane compound or the chemical species to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles is less than 10 percent.

A twentieth embodiment may include one of the first and second embodiments wherein: the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a permanent positive charge of at least 10 mV; the composition includes a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent; the copper polishing inhibitor is an azole compound, an anionic or an amphoteric surfactant having a carbon chain length of greater than or equal to 6, or a mixture thereof; the complexing agent is a polycarboxylic acid, a poly-phosphonic acid, a di-sulfonic acid, an amino acid, a di-amine, or a mixture thereof; and the composition has a pH in a range from about 3 to about 6.

A first method of chemical-mechanical polishing a substrate including a copper layer, a copper barrier layer, and a dielectric layer, may include: (a) contacting the substrate with a chemical-mechanical polishing composition including any one of the first through twentieth embodiments; (b) moving the polishing composition relative to the substrate; and (c) abrading the substrate to remove a portion of the copper layer, the copper barrier layer, and the dielectric layer from the substrate and thereby polish the substrate.

A second method may include the first method wherein the dielectric layer is silicon oxide and a polishing rate of the dielectric layer is greater than 1000 Å/min at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.

A third method may include the first or second method wherein a dielectric:copper polishing rate selectivity is in a range from about 5:1 to about 2:1 at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.

A fourth method may include any one of the first through third methods wherein the copper barrier comprises TaN and a polishing rate of the TaN is greater than 400 Å/min at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.

A fifth method may include any one of the first through fourth methods wherein the copper barrier comprises TaN and a dielectric:TaN polishing rate selectivity is in a range from about 3:1 to about 1:1.

A first method for manufacturing a chemical-mechanical polishing composition may include:(a) providing a liquid solution; (b) combining the liquid solution, a silica producing compound, and an aminosilane compound thereby causing colloidal silica particles to grow such that a dispersion is obtained including colloidal silica particles having the aminosilane compound incorporated therein; and (c) admixing at least one of a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor in the dispersion and adjusting the pH of the dispersion to a value in a range from about 3 to about 7 to obtain a chemical-mechanical polishing composition.

A second manufacturing method may include the first manufacturing method further comprising: (d) adding hydrogen peroxide to the chemical-mechanical polishing composition prior to a chemical-mechanical polishing operation.

The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.

EXAMPLE 1

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD 1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Hydrogen peroxide was added to each polishing composition. Nine polishing compositions were prepared (1A-1I), each of which included colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. Polishing compositions 1A-1F included 3.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica and 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide, while composition 1G-1I included 9.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica and 0.2 weight percent hydrogen peroxide. Each polishing composition had a pH of 4.0. Table 1A lists the copper complexing agents and the copper polishing inhibitors used in polishing compositions 1A-1I (in which ATA is 3 amino 1,2,4 triazole, BTA is benzotriazole, Cupferron is N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine, and RE-410 is a phosphate ester of ethoxylated nonylphenol free acid).

TABLE 1A Polishing Composition Copper Complexing Agent Copper Polishing Inhibitor 1A 100 ppm Dequest ® 2000 100 ppm ATA 1B 100 ppm DL-Alanine 100 ppm ATA 1C 100 ppm β-Alanine 100 ppm ATA 1D 40 ppm Succinic Acid 100 ppm ATA 1E 112 ppm Amino Butyric Acid 100 ppm ATA 1F 20 ppm Ethylene Diamine 100 ppm ATA 1G 125 ppm Dequest ® 2000 100 ppm BTA 1H 125 ppm Dequest ® 2000 500 ppm BTA 1I 100 ppm Dequest ® 2000 500 ppm Cupferron 12 ppm RE-410

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The polishing rates are shown in Table 1B.

TABLE 1B Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 1A 1300 600 70 730 1B 1310 1350 28 160 1C 1300 700 33 830 1D 1480 200 27 790 1E 1400 1060 26 870 1F 1030 400 30 800 1G 1240 1310 48 990 1H 1240 210 44 1030 1I 1220 680 150 850

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 1B, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including three weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 8:1 to less than 1:1 were readily achieved using various copper polishing inhibiting and copper complexing additives.

EXAMPLE 2

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD 1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to aqueous mixtures including an optional copper complexing agent and/or copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Eight polishing compositions were prepared (2A-2H), each of which included 4.5 weight percent of a colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. The polishing compositions further included 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide. Table 2A lists the concentrations of copper polishing inhibitor (BTA), a copper complexing agent (Dequest® 2000), and the pH of the compositions.

TABLE 2A Polishing BTA Dequest ® 2000 Composition (ppm) (ppm) pH 2A 0 0 3.9 2B 0 75 3.9 2C 25 0 3.9 2D 25 75 3.9 2E 0 0 4.7 2F 0 75 4.7 2G 25 0 4.7 2H 25 75 4.7

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The polishing rates are shown in Table 2B.

TABLE 2B Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 2A 1370 770 68 860 2B 1300 850 50 890 2C 1280 820 74 840 2D 1300 850 53 890 2E 1300 400 75 720 2F 1390 860 59 830 2G 1260 490 78 690 2H 1280 860 61 770

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 2B, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 4.5 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 3:1 to about 1:1 were readily achieved using compositions including no copper polishing inhibitor or copper complexing agent (2A and 2E), a copper complexing agent but no copper polishing inhibitor (2B and 2F), a copper polishing inhibitor but no copper complexing agent (2C and 2G), and compositions including both a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent (2D and 2H).

EXAMPLE 3

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD1), tantalum nitride (TaN), and a copper pattern were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to an aqueous mixture including a copper complexing agent to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Four polishing compositions were prepared (3A-3D), each of which had a mean particle size of 63 nm. Polishing compositions 3A and 3B included 4.5 weight percent of the colloidal silica and compositions 3C and 3D included 6.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica. Each polishing composition included 0.2 weight percent hydrogen peroxide and had a pH of 4. The polishing compositions further included 25 ppm of an amino acid-based surfactant (sodium cocoyl sarcosinate—Perlastan® C30). Polishing compositions 3A and 3C included 150 ppm of a poly-phosphonic acid complexing agent (Dequest® 2000). Polishing compositions 3B and 3D included 250 ppm of Dequest® 2000.

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The patterned copper removal rate was obtained with respect to a 100 μm trench in a MIT754 patterned wafer (available from WRS Materials, Manchester, N.H.). The polishing rates are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN Cu Pattern 3A 1370 550 70 750 1050 3B 1370 350 76 730 1080 3C 1420 1090 74 870 1120 3D 1410 540 81 870 1100

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 3, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 4.5 or 6.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 4:1 to about 1:1 were readily achieved using Perlastan® C30 and Dequest® 2000 additives.

EXAMPLE 4

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD 1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Four polishing compositions were prepared (4A-4D), each of which included 3.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. Each polishing composition included 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide and had a pH of 4. The concentrations of copper polishing inhibitor (2,4-dihydrobenzoic acid—DHBA) and a copper complexing agent (amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid)—Dequest® 2000) are as follows: (4A) 50 ppm DHBA, 100 ppm Dequest® 2000, (4B) 50 ppm DHBA, 250 ppm Dequest® 2000, (4C) 200 ppm DHBA, 100 ppm Dequest® 2000, and (4D) 200 ppm DHBA, 250 ppm Dequest® 2000.

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The polishing rates are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 4A 1050 420 76 590 4B 1070 270 85 610 4C 1060 470 83 600 4D 1050 270 92 630

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 4, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 4:1 to about 2:1 were readily achieved using DHB and Dequest® 2000 additives.

EXAMPLE 5

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD1), tantalum nitride (TaN), and a copper pattern were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Four polishing compositions were prepared (5A-5D), each of which included 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. A fifth polishing composition (the control) included the commercially available iCue®B7002 (available from Cabot Microelectronics, Aurora, Ill.). The control included 13.3 weight percent conventional colloidal silica, 0.54 weight percent potassium acetate and 350 ppm β-alanine complexing agents, and 1.0 weight percent BTA copper polishing inhibitor as well as a biocide and a defoaming agent. Polishing compositions 5A-5D further included 0.2 weight percent hydrogen peroxide. The control composition further included 1.0 weight percent hydrogen peroxide. Table 5A lists the concentrations of colloidal silica (solids), amphoteric surfactant copper polishing inhibitor (sodium laurimino dipropionate—Mirataine® HC2-HA), and copper complexing agent (picolinic acid), and the pH of compositions 5A-5D and the control.

TABLE 5A Polishing Solids Mirataine ® Picolinic Acid Composition (wt. %) HC2-HA (ppm) (ppm) pH 5A 3 90 50 4.9 5B 3 140 50 4.9 5C 3 90 250 4.9 5D 3 140 250 4.9 Control 13.3 — — 10

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The patterned copper removal rate was obtained with respect to a 100 μm trench in a MIT754 patterned wafer (available from WRS Materials, Manchester, N.H.). The polishing rates are shown in Table 5B.

TABLE 5B Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN Cu Pattern 5A 1240 150 61 510 460 5B 1230 140 64 490 320 5C 1250 340 62 560 540 5D 1250 250 60 550 620 Control 1090 540 130 610 420

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 5B, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 9:1 to about 3:1 were readily achieved using Mirataine® HC2-HA and picolinic acid additives. TEOS:Patterned Cu selectivities in a range from about 4:1 to about 2:1 were also be readily achieved.

EXAMPLE 6

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD1), tantalum nitride (TaN), and a copper pattern were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Four polishing compositions were prepared (6A-6D), each of which included 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. Polishing compositions 6A-6D further included 0.2 weight percent hydrogen peroxide and had a pH of 4.9. The concentrations of an amphoteric surfactant copper polishing inhibitor (mono triethanolamine N-cocoyl-L-glutamate—Amisoft® CT-12) and a copper complexing agent (picolinic acid) are as follows: (6A) 30 ppm surfactant, 50 ppm picolinic acid, (6B) 30 ppm surfactant, 250 ppm picolinic acid, (6C) 60 ppm surfactant, 50 ppm picolinic acid, and (6D) 60 ppm surfactant, 250 ppm picolinic acid.

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The patterned copper removal rate was obtained in with respect to 100 μm trench in a MIT754 patterned wafer (available from WRS Materials, Manchester, N.H.). The polishing rates are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN Cu Pattern 6A 1220 120 61 550 260 6B 1250 170 63 630 650 6C 1230 64 64 570 200 6D 1220 230 62 560 680

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 6, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 20:1 to about 5:1 were readily achieved using Amisoft® CT-12 and picolinic acid additives. TEOS:Patterned Cu selectivities in a range from about 6:1 to less than 2:1 were also readily achieved.

EXAMPLE 7

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD 1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper polishing inhibitor and an amphoteric surfactant to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Three polishing compositions were prepared (7A-7C), each of which included 3.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. Each polishing composition included 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide and had a pH of 3.9. The concentrations of the copper polishing inhibitor (3 amino 1,2,4 triazole—ATA) and an amphoteric surfactant (cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine—Mirataine® CBS) are as follows: (7A) 250 ppm ATA, 25 ppm surfactant, (7B) 250 ppm ATA, 50 ppm surfactant, and (7C) 100 ppm ATA, 50 ppm surfactant.

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The polishing rates are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 7A 1230 970 32 650 7B 1250 720 23 690 7C 1250 740 22 540

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 7, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 5B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 2:1 to about 1:1 were readily achieved using ATA and Mirataine® CBS additives.

EXAMPLE 8

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD 1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for various polishing compositions. Each of the polishing compositions included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. A quantity of the concentrated dispersion prepared as in Example 12 was added to mixtures including a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor to obtain the corresponding polishing compositions. Four polishing compositions were prepared (8A-8D), each of which included 9.0 weight percent of the colloidal silica having a mean particle size of 63 nm. Each polishing composition included 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide and had a pH of 4. Each polishing composition further included 12 ppm of a copper polishing inhibitor (a phosphate ester of ethoxylated nonylphenol free acid—RE-410). The concentrations of a biocide (1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one in dipropylene glycol and water—Proxel® GXL) and a copper complexing agent (Dequest® 2000) are as follows: (8A) 50 ppm Proxel® GXL, 125 ppm Dequest® 2000, (8B) 50 ppm Proxel® GXL, 250 ppm Dequest® 2000, (8C) 350 ppm Proxel® GXL, 125 ppm Dequest® 2000, and (8D) 350 ppm Proxel® GXL, 250 ppm Dequest® 2000.

The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and a VisionPad® VP3100 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min. The polishing rates are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 8A 1240 1560 110 950 8B 1220 1530 120 930 8C 1260 360 100 890 8D 1250 460 120 850

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 8, high TEOS removal rates can be achieved in barrier polishing compositions including 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica (as compared to 13.3 weight percent in the control shown in Table 1B). Moreover, TEOS:Cu selectivities in a range from about 4:1 to less than 1:1 were readily achieved using RE-410, Proxel, and Dequest® 2000 additives.

EXAMPLE 9

Zeta potential measurements and conductivity measurements were obtained for colloidal silica samples before and after filtration. A 200 ml volume of each composition was filtered through a Millipore Ultracell regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration disk (having a MW cutoff of 100,000 Daltons and a pore size of 6.3 nm). The remaining dispersion (the dispersion that was retained by the ultrafiltration disk) was collected and replenished to the original 200 ml volume using deionized water adjusted to the starting pH of 3 using nitric acid. This procedure was repeated for a total of three ultrafiltration cycles (each of which included an ultrafiltration step and a replenishing step). The zeta-potentials and electrical conductivities of the polishing compositions were measured before and after the ultrafiltration procedure (i.e., for the original polishing composition and the triply ultra-filtered and replenished polishing composition). The zeta-potentials were measured using a Model DT 1202 Acoustic and Electro-acoustic spectrometer (available from Dispersion Technologies).

Table 9 shows the measured zeta potentials and conductivities for polishing composition 9A and control polishing compositions 9B and 9C. Each polishing composition included 3 weight percent colloidal silica at a pH of 3. Polishing composition 9A included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. The colloidal silica particle size was 54 nm. Polishing composition 9B contained a surface treated colloidal silica in which 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxylsilane was bonded to the particle surface while polishing composition 9C contained colloidal silica having tetrabutylammonium hydroxide associated with the particle surface. The colloidal silicas used in compositions 9B and 9C had a primary particle size of about 55 nm and an aggregate (secondary) particle size of about 100 nm. As described above, the zeta potentials and electrical conductivities of the original compositions were measured before and after the above described ultrafiltration procedure. Corrected zeta-potential values of the triply ultra-filtered and replenished polishing composition 9B were obtained after adding KCl to correct for ionic strength differences.

TABLE 9 Pol- Zeta Conduc- Zeta Conduc- Zeta ishing Potential tivity Potential tivity Potential Compo- Before Before After After Corrected sition (mV) (μs/cm) (mV) (μs/cm) (mV) 9A 35 647 39 620 not corrected 9B 41 2130 56 1156 41 9C 10 1030 3 1083 not corrected

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 9, the zeta potential of the colloidal silica in polishing compositions 9A is essentially un-changed by filtration indicating that the colloidal silica having an internal aminosilane has a permanent positive charge of about 35-39 mV. The colloidal silica particles treated with 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxylsilane (9B) were also observed to have a permanent positive charge of about 41 mV while the zeta potential of the colloidal silica particles treated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (9C) decreased from 10 to 3 mV indicating that the positive charge was not permanent.

EXAMPLE 10

The polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), Black Diamond® low-k dielectric (BD1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) were evaluated in this example for two polishing compositions. Comparative polishing composition 10A included PL-3C colloidal silica available from Fuso Chemical Company (Tokyo Japan). PL-3C is a surface treated colloidal silica in which the colloidal silica surface is treated with (bonded with) aminopropyl trialkoxysilane. Polishing composition 10B included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. Each of the polishing compositions included 3.0 weight percent colloidal silica, 0.03 weight percent picolinic acid, 0.003 weight percent N-cocoyl-L-glutamic acid triethanol-ammonium complex, 0.03 weight percent Beta-cyclodextrin, 0.5 weight percent hydrogen peroxide at a pH of 4.0.

Table 10A shows the mean particle size and the zeta potential for the comparative (10A) and inventive (10B) polishing compositions.

TABLE 10A Polishing Particle Size Zeta Potential Composition (μm) (mV) 10A 0.07 25 10B 0.06 26

Table 10B shows the polishing rates of silicon oxide (TEOS), copper (Cu), black diamond® low-k dielectric (BD1), and tantalum nitride (TaN) for polishing compositions 10A and 10B. The polishing rates were obtained by polishing 200 mm diameter wafers having the appropriate layers using a Mirra® CMP tool and an IC1010 polishing pad (available from Dow Chemical Company) at a downforce of 1.5 psi, a platen speed of 93 rpm, and a slurry flow rate of 200 ml/min.

TABLE 10B Polishing Polishing Rates (Å/min) Composition TEOS Copper BD1 TaN 10A 440 200 90 420 10B 1810 240 110 920

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 10B, the inventive polishing composition 10B has a TEOS polishing rate of over 4 times that of the comparative polishing composition 10A. Moreover the inventive composition exhibits a TaN polishing rate of over 2 times that of the comparative composition. The inventive composition also exhibited higher black diamond and copper polishing rates.

EXAMPLE 11

The shelf life stability of two concentrated polishing compositions was evaluated in this example. Comparative polishing composition 10A included PL-3C colloidal silica available from Fuso Chemical Company (Tokyo Japan). PL-3C is a surface treated colloidal silica in which the colloidal silica surface is treated with (bonded with) aminopropyl trialkoxysilane. Polishing composition 10B included colloidal silica abrasive particles having a core shell structure in which a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (an aminosilane) was incorporated in the shell using a procedure similar to that described below in Example 12. Each of the polishing compositions included 9 weight percent colloidal silica, 0.08 weight percent picolinic acid, 0.009 weight percent N-cocoyl-L-glutamic acid triethanol-ammonium complex, 0.08 weight percent Beta-cyclodextrin at a pH of 4.0. Table 11 shows shelf like stability data for the two compositions.

TABLE 11 Polishing Initial Particle Five Day Particle Observed Composition Size (μm) Size (μm) Particle Settling 11A 0.07 >1 Yes 11B 0.06 0.06 No

As is apparent from the results set forth in Table 11, that the inventive concentrated polishing composition 11B is significantly more stable than comparative concentrated polishing composition 11A. After five days the comparative composition has been observed to form large aggregated particles (>1 μm) that settle out of colloidal suspension. The inventive composition was stable with no observed settling and no observed change in mean particle size with time.

EXAMPLE 12

A chemical-mechanical polishing composition was prepared as follows. A 2,604 gram quantity of BS-1H colloidal silica dispersion (a 10.5 wt. % colloidal silica dispersion having a mean particle size of about 35 nm available from Fuso Chemical Company, Tokyo, Japan) was added to 5,882 grams of DI water. 3-ethoxypropylamine (EOPA) was added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 10 and thereby yield a mother liquid. The mother liquid was then heated to 80 degrees C. A mixture of 1872.3 grams of tetramethoxysilane and 16.3 grams of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane was added to the mother liquid at a constant rate for a duration of 180 minutes (at a rate of about 10.5 grams per minute) while maintaining the liquid temperature at 80 degrees C. A colloidal silica dispersion including colloidal silica particles having an outer silica shell containing the aminosilane (or a hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed aminosilane) was obtained. This colloidal silica dispersion was concentrated to 4,600 milliliters by heating distillation at ordinary pressure. A volume of 3,000 milliliters of DI water was added to the dispersion to replace the methanol (and maintain the volume) during distillation. The final dispersion has a colloidal silica concentration of approximately 20.1 weight percent.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising: a water based liquid carrier; colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier; an aminosilane compound or a phosphonium silane compound incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles internal to an outer surface thereof; an oxidizer; and at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.
 2. The composition of claim 1, having a pH in a range from about 3 to about
 6. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a permanent positive charge of at least 13 mV.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a mean particle size in a range from about 30 to about 70 nm.
 5. The composition of claim 1, comprising from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles.
 6. The composition of claim 1, comprising from about 2 to about 6 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein 30 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles and 20 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles are monomers or dimers.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aminosilane compound comprises a propyl group, primary amine, or quaternary amine.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aminosilane compound comprises bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, diethylaminomethyltrialkoxysilane, (N,N-diethyl-3-aminopropyl)trialkoxysilane), 3-(N-styrylmethyl-2-aminoethylaminopropyl trialkoxysilane, aminopropyl trialkoxysilane, (2-N-benzylaminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane), trialkoxysilyl propyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, N-(trialkoxysilylethyl)benzyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium, (bis(methyldialkoxysilylpropyl)-N-methyl amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)urea, bis(3-(trialkoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, bis(trialkoxysilylpropyl)amine, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldialkoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, (N-trialkoxysilylpropyl)polyethyleneimine, trialkoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, N-(vinylbenzyl)-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltrialkoxysilane, or a mixture thereof.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oxidizer comprises hydrogen peroxide.
 12. The composition of claim 1, comprising both a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the copper polishing inhibitor is an azole compound, an anionic or an amphoteric surfactant having a carbon chain length of greater than or equal to 6, or a mixture thereof.
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the copper complexing agent is a di-carboxylic acid, a di-phosphonic acid, a di-sulfonic acid, an amino acid, a di-amine, or a mixture thereof.
 15. The composition of claim 1, having an electrical conductivity of less than 1000 μS/cm.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a core-shell structure in which an outer shell is disposed over an inner core, the aminosilane compound or the phosphonium silane compound being incorporated in the outer shell.
 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the colloidal silica has a density of greater than 1.90 g/cm³.
 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of the aminosilane compound or the phosphonium silane compound to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles is less than 10 percent.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a permanent positive charge of at least 13 mV; the composition includes both a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent; the copper polishing inhibitor is an azole compound, an anionic or an amphoteric surfactant having a carbon chain length of greater than or equal to 6, or a mixture thereof; the complexing agent is a polycarboxylic acid, a poly-phosphonic acid, a di-sulfonic acid, an amino acid, a di-amine, or a mixture thereof; and the composition has a pH in a range from about 3 to about
 6. 20. A chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising: a water based liquid carrier; colloidal silica abrasive particles dispersed in the liquid carrier; a chemical species incorporated in the colloidal silica abrasive particles internal to an outer surface thereof, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a permanent positive charge of at least 13 mV, wherein the chemical species is a nitrogen-containing compound or a phosphorus-containing compound; an oxidizer; at least one of a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent; and a pH in a range from about 3 to about 7; wherein the chemical species is not an aminosilane compound.
 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a mean particle size in a range from about 30 to about 70 nm.
 22. The composition of claim 20, comprising from about 2 to about 6 weight percent of the colloidal silica abrasive particles.
 23. The composition of claim 20, wherein 30 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles.
 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein 50 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles include three or more aggregated primary particles and 20 percent or more of the colloidal silica abrasive particles are monomers or dimers.
 25. The composition of claim 20, wherein the oxidizer comprises hydrogen peroxide.
 26. The composition of claim 20, comprising both a copper polishing inhibitor and a copper complexing agent.
 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein: the copper polishing inhibitor is an azole compound, an anionic or an amphoteric surfactant having a carbon chain length of greater than or equal to 6, or a mixture thereof; and the copper complexing agent is a di-carboxylic acid, a di-phosphonic acid, a di-sulfonic acid, an amino acid, a di-amine, or a mixture thereof.
 28. The composition of claim 20, wherein the colloidal silica abrasive particles have a core-shell structure in which an outer shell is disposed over an inner core, the chemical species being incorporated in the outer shell.
 29. The composition of claim 20, wherein a molar ratio of the chemical species to silica in the colloidal silica abrasive particles is less than 10 percent.
 30. A method for chemical-mechanical polishing a substrate including a copper layer, a copper barrier layer, and a dielectric layer, the method comprising: (a) contacting the substrate with the chemical-mechanical polishing composition of claim 1; (b) moving the polishing composition relative to the substrate; and (c) abrading the substrate to remove a portion of the copper layer, the copper barrier layer, and the dielectric layer from the substrate and thereby polish the substrate.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the dielectric layer is silicon oxide and a polishing rate of the dielectric layer is greater than 1000 Å/min at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein a dielectric:copper polishing rate selectivity is in a range from about 5:1 to about 2:1 at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the copper barrier comprises TaN and a polishing rate of the TaN is greater than 400 Å/min at a downforce of 1.5 psi or less.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the copper barrier comprises TaN and a dielectric:TaN polishing rate selectivity is in a range from about 3:1 to about 1:1.
 35. A method for manufacturing a chemical-mechanical polishing composition, the method comprising: (a) providing a liquid solution; (b) combining the liquid solution, a silica producing compound, and an aminosilane compound thereby causing colloidal silica particles to grow such that a dispersion is obtained including colloidal silica particles having the aminosilane compound incorporated therein; and (c) admixing at least one of a copper complexing agent and a copper polishing inhibitor in the dispersion and adjusting the pH of the dispersion to a value in a range from about 3 to about 7 to obtain a chemical-mechanical polishing composition.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising: (d) adding hydrogen peroxide to the chemical-mechanical polishing composition prior to a chemical-mechanical polishing operation. 